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- Date sent: Thu, 25 Apr 1996 01:06:19 -0400
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- The Bushi
- Steve Perkins
- Georgia Southwestern College
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- Through the ages every culture has had their warriors. These warriors have
- defended and fought for their homes, countries, and deeply held beliefs (either political or
- spiritual). Many of these heroes have become legends, but were based on an average man
- accomplishing heroic feats. William Wallace, known as the protector of Scotland, became a
- romantic hero in Jane Porter's novel the Scottish Chiefs. He was already a national hero in
- Scotland before the novel was published. Other cultures have their own heroes and legends
- (some of these are Lugh, of Ireland, Arthur, King of the Britons, and David, King of the
- Jews). Even in America , we have had our share of warriors through history (George
- Washington, Daniel Boone, Davey Crockett, Wyatt Earp, and Doc Holiday). The knights of old,
- the Highland and Lowland Barbarian Celts, the Ostro-goths, Visi-goths, and Romans, all
- managed to fight and kill each other in the most ghastly of manners. All of this was for
- conquest, home, country, and God. Another warrior, shrouded in mystery, is the Japanese
- warrior, the Samurai. While the Scottish and Irish cultures considered their selves
- warrior-poets, the Samurai leaned more towards a warrior-priest or Zealot. The Japanese
- have a history of being vicious and skilled warriors. In Japan Yesterday and Today
- Langer states that ," Zen attempts to overcome the duality of self and non-self, of matter
- and spirit, of life and death. It aims at the discovery of the ultimate reality that
- underlies everything. It seeks to lead its disciples toward satori, that is "enlightenment"
- in the sense of utter serenity, composure, and fearlessness. Once this state of mind has
- been attained, man stands, as Zen puts it, "as a rock in the raging sea." The most
- important means for the attainment of this state of mind is meditation. Crossing of his
- legs firmly, sitting erect before a plain wall, the Zen disciple meditates for hours on
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- end. Gradually the physical strain subsides, giving way to a feeling of numbness. It is
- believed that the practitioner then descends into his inner self and becomes part of it,
- reaching a condition termed "meditation without thought." Eventually a feeling of utter
- calm and serenity takes hold of him. The Pure Land teachings appealed to the commoner. But
- Zen, with its stress on self-discipline, absolute composure in the face of spiritual and
- material challenges, and aversion to ostentation, doctrinal study, and lengthy sermons,
- possessed just those qualities that appealed to the warrior. Zen thus became the faith of
- the Shoguns. Zen masters served as advisers the feudal lords, and Zen became the creed of
- Japan's warrior, the samurai. Zen inspired the Japanese artist too. The power of
- concentration that it 4encouraged provided the mental training of the Japanese military man
- as well as of the highly respected Japanese swordsmith". It is easy to understand
- that the Samurai was not only respected, but feared by the lower classes. In Twelve
- Doors to Japan, by Hall and Beardsley, the history of feudalism and the rise of the
- Samurai is explained: The most characteristic feature of Japanese history at the end of the
- twelfth century was the rise to prominence of the military aristocracy throughout Japan.
- As an elite type, the Japanese bushi contrasts sharply with other such types in East Asia,
- particularly with the Chinese scholar-official. Why it was that Japan developed a kind of
- military-agrarian society so similar to that of feudal Europe is still very much a matter of
- conjecture. Perhaps the period of civil imperial rule had never really wiped out the
- tradition of aristocratic arms bearing which had characterized early Fuji society. At any
- rate during the
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- Heian age there seems to have been a strong undercurrent toward the reappearance of an armed
- gentry, especially in local affairs. The need for an elite military class in the Japanese
- provinces came gradually after the beginning the tenth century and accompanied the decline
- in effectiveness of the police and military organs of the central government. It
- accompanied also the growth of the large immune proprietorships, which were required to
- provide their own enforcement services as a consequence of their immunity. As a result,
- local officials and provincial families of influence took up the bearing of arms as a social
- provincial families of influence took up the bearing of arms as a social privilege and
- combined the functions of local administration or land management with those of enforcement
- and protection. By the eleventh century the bushi had begun to separate out as a definite
- functional type. By the twelfth century they had begun to emerge as a dominant leading
- stratum of society (though the kuge retained the highest social prestige), providing the
- dominant way of life and key values for the entire culture. As frequently happen, it was
- not until near the end of the bushi age, after the beginning of the seventeenth century,
- that this warrior aristocracy became self-conscious of its social function and its common
- ideals, giving rise to the formulation of the principles of bushido (the warriors way)."
- Hall and Beardsley also state, " The bushi , though an aristocrat, lived a life which had
- important differences from that of the court aristocracy. He was a provincial aristocrat
- professionally dedicated to the bearing of arms. His provincial origin and his
- cultivation of military skills necessitated a way of life quite different from that of
- the civil court." The Samurai was the head of his on little world and responsible
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- to the Shogun (the warlord over all Samurai). This responsibility to the Shogun often
- produced violent punishment aimed at the farmer and peasant when disloyalty occurred . This
- would later cause the fall of the warrior class. The loyalty of the Samurai was so intense
- that ritual suicide became a way of cleansing tarnished honor.
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- Hall and Beardsley describe ritual suicide and the reason for it by stating," In
- contrast to the courtiers of the previous age, the bushi was preoccupied with problems of
- the sword and land. He emphasized , in contrast to the genteel accomplishments of the kuge,
- such qualities as loyalty, honor, fearlessness, and frugality. The two most cherished
- symbols of the bushi class were the sword( the soul of the Samurai) and the cherry blossom
- (the petals of which fall with the first breath of wind just as the samurai gives up his
- life without regret for his lord).The bushi often lived a life of harsh physical
- discipline(either by necessity or by choice),enduring extreme rigors in the belief that they
- were "building character." He was trained to scorn an easy life( which to him was a
- luxury)because of its softening influence. He even scorned an easy way of taking his life.
- (Suicide now gained respectability as an honorable way out.) The Japanese bushi, by
- resorting to the slashing of the bowels(seppuku) as his method of suicide, literally showed
- himself worthy of a class that prided itself on "having guts." "
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- Living the life of the samurai was no easy task and with small civil wars occurring
- some Lords were sometimes killed. This would leave the possibility of a Samurai without a
- master. This masterless Samurai, or Ronin, was considered an outcast. Today some students
- who have graduated from high school ,but are having to wait to attend because of lack of
- space in universities are now referred to as "ronins." Even after the fall of the Samurai
- way of feudalism Japan still feels this mighty warrior class's influence in small and large
- ways. Even during World War II soldiers were trained in the art of akido (which is the art
- of sword fighting that the Samurai had to learn). Because of the later rise of the merchants
- into higher economic status the Samurai often took out mandatory loans from the
- merchants(this is also discussed in Twelve Doors to Japan). Growing unrest with the
- strictness of the Samurai and outer influences led to the final fall of the Samurai class.
- It is still thought that many people in authority in Japan today are descendants of the
- Samurai class.
- Even with all the later hostility towards the Samurai the Japanese culture still
- holds
- the ideals of the Samurai in high regard. The religious dedication to a certain cause and
- determination to perform the required duty with honor is still what is wanted in the young.
- In the culture of Japan the warrior, the Samuri will always have a place of great respect
- and a heroic air . He was and is the warrior of Japan. His legend survived all the conflict
- and rebellion and still thrives today.
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- Bibliography
- Celtic Myths and Legends Charles Squire Random House 1994
- The Scottish Chiefs Jane Porter Charles Scribner's Sons 1956
- Japan Yesterday and Today Paul F. Langer Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, Inc.
- 1966
- Twelve Doors to Japan John Whitney Hall, Richard K. Beardsley McGraw-Hill
- Book Company 1965
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